Hi, I'm Gedeon!

      INTRODUCTION TO PCB DESIGN
      CIRCUIT GENERATIONS:
      FIRST  GENERATION  - WIRED CONNECTIONS

      SECOND GENERATION - PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS
      
      THIRD GENERATION - IC DESIGNING (VLSI)


      First Generation description:
      

      the breadboard's internal orientation and CONNECTIONS:
      

      However, this carries a limitation in how many components it can host, also wires make a mess. Not to mention that over the time,
      connection holes wear out and become loose.
      

      the Dot matrix was no different in terms of complexion adaptability
      

      SECOND GENERATION description
      PCB: A flat plate or base of insulating material  containing a pattern of conducting material (Copper) in it
      
      Now a days, we are using different software to design PCB
          EAGLE
          ORCAD
          FREE PCB
          EXPRESS PCB
          PROTEL
          TINA
          KiCad
          proteus ISIS professional and many more,...

      
      
      
ADVANTAGES:
        
many circuits can be etched simultaneously,
        
Compact circuit design can be achieved,
        
Wire connections are not necessary,
        
 Easily understandable circuits.
            
 
      
DISADVANTAGES:
        
Once designed and etched, we can not change the circuit easily
        Have to redesign and to etch the new circuit in different copper board
          
        
Harmful chemicals are used for PCB manufacturing
      
      
      GLASS EPOXY BOARD (SILK SCREEN BOARD):
      Glass epoxy board is fixed back to copper plate. 
      This board is preferred while design circuits that carry large currents.
      

      Types of PCB:
      SINGLE LAYER PCB: Components are mounted on one side of the board and the conductor pattern on the other side.Suitable for simple circuits only
      DOUBLE LAYER PCB:They have twice the area for the conductor pattern compared to single-sided PCBs
      Having conductor pattern on both sides of the board
      Top layer conductor pattern and bottom layer conductor pattern are connected by vias
      The vias described in Double-sided PCBs always penetrate the whole board. 
      
            
     MULTI LAYER PCB: Having more than two conductor pattern inside the board
     To minimize the PCB board size
     They are made by gluing (laminating) several double-sided circuit boards together with insulating layers in between.
     FACT: Almost 100 layers can be made
     
     The vias described in multi layer PCBs do not penetrate the whole board, all the time.
     Blind vias connect one or more of the inner layers with one of the surface layers, without penetrating the whole board.
     Buried vias only connect inner layers so you can’t see them by looking at the surface of the PCB. 
     
          

Now to the assignment's question one: 
  STEP1: Installing the software that does the PCB design.
  
INTRODUCTION:I considered using many other software, especially those recommended in the class like Eagle PCB. 

  However, since there is a licence issue i chose to use KiCad that is free. I will demonstrate how i intalled it below:

  
I downloaded the installation file from: kicad.org/download/windows/
  
After unziping and installing, i straight went to opening Kicad File>New Project>nameit
  
I started with a schematid diagram

  
 
i went on by fancying the design and edited the lablel

    

GOING TO THE BOARD AFTER ERROR CHECKS
Click on the switch to board, drag and drop componets into the given space.


Since the Kicad software does not encourage the auto-trace way of doing things,
i had to manually route(add a wire) to each path.Plus we are supposed to use one side of the board. 
As a consequence, there were two lines i couldn't wire without causing an error.
The trick is to add a 0Ohm resistor (dummy resistor) to allow crossing over the other line.
Setting the wire thichness also is importance as it results in the capacity to conduct electricity (resistance)

I uses 0.75mm as the thichness


Here i show which resistor is dummy


The 3D View of the expected PCB:



The next steps:
Setup the machine



Print the board


Clean it


Solder components on and operate. 

The details of the last few steps are in the assignment of Week8_Electronic_production


Files used
Schematic
Board
Traces in svg
Edge cuts in svg