Introduction.

I think this week's theme is the central point for all the work that will be done throughout the course, computer-aided design opens up many possibilities to shape those ideas that sometimes occur to us.
In week two, a review was made of a wide variety of software that exists for computer-aided design, both for 2d and 3d image design. It is advisable to use as many programs as possible and know the advantages and disadvantages.

2d design software.

The two-dimensional adjective is used to refer to images that have two dimensions (2D). It is an image that is projected long and wide.

GIMP It is a multiplatform image editor available for GNU / Linux, OS X, Windows and other operating systems. It is free software.
GIMP provides you with tools for designing and editing images, allowing customization and third-party add-ons.

A first difference of GIMP with respect to others photographic treatment and retouching software is presented to the check the non-existence of a unified interface for the Program. GIMP does not have a graphic background on which they open files and menus and, on the contrary, different windows floats unfold directly on the desktop. East It is a fact that can be disorienting at the beginning of using the program but that ends up being easily integrated into a work flow. Among the various pop-ups that are displayed, the first to analyze and comment on is the tools that contains an important list of the themselves.

From this basic window the rest of the areas that will allow the work of open images. Actually a variable number of others can be displayed on the screen windows, the amount varies depending on the needs of The edition. Dialog boxes include those for layers, channels or roads, or others such as those of selection of colors, brushes, patterns, gradients and paddles.

The toolbox, which appears when you open GIMP, consists of a window that contains three menus (File, Extensions and Help) and icons that give access to functions and work procedures. The icons in the middle of the box manage aspects related to color and painting. An area with the active tool options is displayed at the bottom of the box which is updated based on it. In the example the active tool is the selection rectangular

To learn the basics of how to draw lines, the first step is to open gimp, select the file menu and choose new.

The next step is to define or set the size of the canvas, for this example it will be 1355x728 px, as you can see there is also the possibility of choosing a default size, selecting it from the list (template).

Click on the paintbrush in the toolbox. Click on the brush in the toolbox. To change the size, double-click on it and the properties appear, we focus on changing the size, you just have to write, increase or decrease the number, for this example, the size is 3.

Click in the image where you want a line to start or end. A single dot will appear on the screen. The size of this dot represents the current brush size. Now, lets start drawing a line. Hold down the Shift key, and keep it down. After you have a starting point and while pressing the Shift key, you will see a straight line that follows the cursor. Press the first button on the mouse (the leftmost one usually) and let it go. During that whole "clic" of the mouse button, you need to keep the Shift key held down.

Now you have to draw another line, for this it is necessary to stand on one of the ends of the previous line and click with the mouse, move the mouse without releasing the Shift key, once the second point is located, click and the line is trace between those points.

Finally another line is drawn to form a triangle.

Now you have to save the file, to do this click on the File menu and select "Save".

PHOTOSHOP It is a raster graphics editor developed by Adobe Systems Incorporated. Mainly used for retouching photographs and graphics. It has many tools that allow professional work.

To create an image, the first step is to go to the file menu and select the new option.

Then it shows a dialog box with the characteristics that the image will have, for this case, I am going to create an image with transparency. The values shown can be modified according to the required size of the image, for practical reasons I do not make any changes to the dimensions.

Clicking the ok button displays the canvas, to start creating the image.

As an example, a rectangle is drawn, for which in the toolbox you have to click on the rectangle icon, as shown in the image.

Now the mouse is positioned in the place that you want to start, for this you have to press the left mouse button and release it once you have the required size.

To change the fill color, just select the desired color.

I am going to create a house, for this I use the rectangle tool. Remember to click on the file menu and then select new.

The first step will be to create a rectangle for the ceiling.

Again with the rectangle tool another image is created below the previous one (remember that you can change the color.

Now I draw the door using the rectangle tool again.

Once all the elements have been added to the design, it must be saved, to do this, click on the menu file and select Save.

3d design software

3D computer graphics, or three-dimensional computer graphics (in contrast to 2D computer graphics), are graphics that use a three-dimensional representation of geometric data (often Cartesian). In computer graphics software, 2D applications may use 3D techniques to achieve effects such as lighting, and, similarly, 3D may use some 2D rendering techniques.

• FreeCad Is a software for open source parametric 3D modeling created primarily to design any real-life objects of any size. The use of parametric modeling allows you to easily modify your design.
  • I am going to create a design, for it in the menu file section new.
  • Now in the drop-down list select the option part design (workbench).
  • Then create a new sketch and select the xy plane.
  • Create a rectangle in the sketch and apply symmetry, to do this select with the mouse the start and end point of the horizontal line and then select the vertical axis line and then select the create symmetry tool, see the following image.
  • Now we repeat the process for the other axis, select the two points of the vertical line and the x axis, click on create symmetry.
    
  • After establishing the measurements for the lines: horizontal 120 mm and vertical 80 mm, for this I select the horizontal line and write 120 mm, I do the same with the vertical line and write its value. In order to measure the lines, there are two icons in the form of horizontal and vertical rulers.
    
  • Result.
    
  • Then I draw a circle at each corner.
    
  • Now select all 4 circles to create an equality constraint, so that they are all the same size.
    
  • The next step is to give a value of 10 mm to the radius, since they have equality constraint, it only has to be done in a circle.
    
  • Then symmetry is applied to the center of each circle with respect to the x axis and the y axis.
    
  • Now I'm going to set a dimension between the center of the upper left circle and the corner of the 30mm rectangle, the selection is repeated to set the height of 20mm.
    
  • Finally the 2d image is extruded by writing 10 mm.
    
  • 3d image
    
    
  • Tutorial
    
• Rhino
  Is a software tool for three-dimensional modeling based on NURBS. It is a computer-aided design software created by Robert McNeel & Associates, originally as an aggregate for Autodesk AutoCAD. The program is commonly used for industrial design, architecture, naval design, jewelry design, automotive design, CAD / CAM, rapid prototyping, reverse engineering, as well as in the graphic and multimedia design industry.
  Rhino's interface is a plug-in data exchange processor based on Creo Granite. It can be used to import Rhinoceros * .3dm parts files as parts and assembly files. If there are geometry values ​​on more than one layer in the * .3dm file, the exact geometry values ​​for each Rhinoceros layer will be imported as separate parts with a flat structure set file. The following information is included in each piece through a single import function:
  • Surfaces
  • Reference curves
  • Open fabrics
  • Closed fabrics
  In addition, each facet body of the Rhinoceros layers is included in the model tree as a separate facet function. Cannot import information into hidden layers. Import DataDoctor can be used to edit import functions. As much as possible, closed fabrics automatically become solid during import. For more information on the following functionality, see the corresponding help modules: • Working with facet geometry: facet modeling in surface design
  • Photorealism: photorealistic representation
  • Use of Import DataDoctor: Import DataDoctor for data exchange
  
  • Rhino Commands. Rhino is a program that works through commands. In other words, all actions are triggered by commands like Line, Box, or CurvatureAnalysis.
    Tip: For more information about a command, use the Command Help panel. Or, run the command and press F1 to open the Help topic.
    Commands can be accessed through menus, toolbars, or by typing the command name. In the following sections, we will test the different methods. You will surely find some method easier to use than another. The user has the option to choose the most suitable method and none has preference.
    Tip: To cancel a command at any time, press the Esc key.
    Toolbars provide a graphical interface for commands.
  • Using templates. A template is a file that serves as a starting point for a new Rhino model. When starting a new model, Rhino provides default templates that configure the appropriate units for the model size, some layers, and show a standard four-view layout.
    Custom templates can include any type of document information, such as units, view layouts, layers, and even geometry. If you often create similar models often, set up and save a model as a template (see the Save As Template command in Help). This way, you won't have to waste time setting up your models every time you create a new one. You can start a new model from your template and continue from there.
  • For starters I am going to create the model of a bottle in Rhino:
    Start Rhino.
    On the File menu, click New.
    In the Open Template File dialog box, select Small Objects - Centimeters.3dm and click Open.
    
    
  • Click on the control point curve icon, this command allows you to create an image with curved lines, which is required to shape the body of the bottle.
    
    
  • Now we position ourselves in the front view and begin to trace the shape of the bottle, only half so that with the help of another command the entire shape of the object is created.
    
  • Select the designed object, click on the surface shape tool 3 or 4 corner points (lower right corner) and select revolve.
    
  • Now request that we indicate the beginning and the end, so we draw a vertical line, at the top we click on the FullCircle.
    
  • To the object is a surface so it is necessary, select the object in the top view and in the command bar we write offset Srt and click solid.
    
  
  The following video shows some elements of the Rhino graphical interface.
  
• Fusion 360. It is a free CAD / CAM 3D Fusion 360 design software for students and educators. Available for mac and windows operating systems. Tutorial

Possible final project model

I decided to use fusion 360 to do the design, because it is a friendly software and the student version is available. I don't know much about its interface, but I will see tutorials to make 2d and 3d designs.

• To start with the design, the first step is to choose in the menu file, the option new design in the fusion 360 environment.
  
  

  The next step is to create a sketch, for this you have to click on solid, which is at the top, in the image it appears underlined in blue.
  
  

  When creating the sketch, it shows the x, y, z plane, here you just have to click on the plane that you decide to use, it is suggested that it be in the x, y plane, each plane is identified by a color, as can be seen in the picture.
  
  

  On the create option (available within the sketch) click and move the mouse to rectangle and select center rectangle. This allows you to create the rectangle centered at the origin.
  
  

  The next step is to click in the center of the plane and move the mouse, write the first value and with the tab key you change the position to modify the second value that is given to the rectangle (95x18mm). These dimensions are the actual sizes of the lock I am using.
  
  

  The next step is to draw the second rectangle of 44x3mm, for this a rectangle is created using two points, after choosing this tool, click on the lower point of the right loop of the first rectangle and move the mouse and follow the same procedure to assign the values to each side.
  
  

  After taking some measurements of a real padlock, I made the basic shape of a padlock, creating a sketch with 2 rectangles

• To extrude I select the rectangles and press the letter e and assign a value of 84 mm.
  
  
• To give depth to the first rectangle created, you must select the top part and create a sketch on it.
  
  
• To locate the center we are going to draw two diagonal construction lines (in line type select construction).
  
  
• Now you have to draw a central rectangle. Remember to click on the line type so that it is not a construction line. You must finish the sketch.
  
  
• Then, to remove the interior, the next step is to extrude the created rectangle -16 mm, for this you have to select it with the mouse and press the e key.
  
  
• Now you have to draw construction lines, which serve as a reference to create the shape of the holes that the front view will have.
  
  
• Once all the construction lines have been defined, a rectangle with 2 points of 30x13.50mm must be created (remember to remove the line type selection, otherwise the shape will not be created). For the other shape it is created with lines, joining the external points and thus creating that shape.
  
  
• To make some holes, design on the side with the largest dimension, this taking the real lock as a reference, using the line tracing tool. Although the lock is not going to be manufactured, my idea is to learn to use the tools.
  
  
• Then, I did another two components in different files, by drawing simple shapes, like rectangles, circles, and extruding them. One component is to represent a servo, the other is an object that will connect the servo with the metal part of the lock that locks the door
  
  
• This piece is to unite the servo with the component of the lock, which will allow to open or close, for the design use lines and circles of 2 points.
  
  
• I select the design and extrude it 4 mm.
  
  
• I select the inner circle and extrude it 8 mm.
  
  
• Finally, I added the 2 components into the main file, and after adding another few simple pieces like a rectangle to represent the metal thing that locks the door, the model is done.

Source file week2