Assignment 08 Embedded Programming

Gary Boone
Inventor of Microcontrollers
It was during 1970 and 1971 when Intel was working on inventing the world's first microprocessor, that Gary Boone of Texas Instruments was working on quite a similar concept and invented the microcontroller.

"Guys This week is all about Embedded programming and i am very much excited to explore and learn differnt programming languages,IDE's and microcontrooler/microprocessor boards".So lets explore !

Learn Uc Boards

Learn different IDE,Platform

  • Individual assignment

    1. Read a microcontroller data sheet
    2. Program your board (Attiny 44) to do something
    3. Learn many different programming languages
    4. Learn Programming environments as possible

Table of Content

  1. About Attiny 44
  2. Program the ATtiny 44
  3. Arduino programming Code
  4. Embedded C programming Code
  5. About Arduino Board
  6. About ESP -32

About Architecture:

  • Von Nuemann Vs Harvard Architecture

    • So all the architecture which i covered below they all are belong to Harvard Architecture and RISC processor.

    About Attiny 44

    The high-performance, low-power Microchip AVR RISC-based CMOS 8-bit microcontroller combines 4KB ISP flash memory, 256-Byte EEPROM, 256B SRAM, 12 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, an 8-bit timer/counter with two PWM channels, a 16-bit timer/counter with two PWM channels, internal and external interrupts, an 8-channel 10-bit A/D converter, a programmable gain stage (1x, 20x) for 12 differential ADC channel pairs, programmable watchdog timer with internal oscillator, a internal calibrated oscillator, and three software selectable power saving modes. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the device achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz, balancing power consumption and processing speed.

    While reading the datasheets of ATtiny 44 i cleard my point whether it is harvard acrchitecture or not?.I found it is a haravard architecture .

    Features

      High performance, low power AVR® 8-bit microcontroller
      Advanced RISC architecture
      ● Non-volatile program and data memories
      Peripheral features
      I/O and packages
      Operating voltage:2.7 - 5.5V for Atmel ATtiny24/44/84
      ● Speed grade
      Atmel ATtiny24/44/84: 0 - 8MHz at 2.7 - 5.5V, 0 - 16MHz at 4.5 - 5.5V
      Low power consumption Active mode: 1MHz, 2.7V: 800µA Power-down mode: 2.7V: 2.0µA

    Pin diagram

    The Atmel® ATtiny24/44/84 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the Atmel ATtiny24/44/84 achieves throughputs approaching 1MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed.

    Block diagram of Attiny 44

    The Atmel® AVR® core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers. All 32 registers are directly connected to the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle.The resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers.

    Architectural Overview

    This section discusses the Atmel® AVR® core architecture in general. The main function of the CPU core is to ensure correct program execution. The CPU must, therefore, be able to access memories, perform calculations, control peripherals, and handle interrupts. For more information referred Atmel ATtiny24/44/84 datasheet

    Program the ATtiny 44

    To program the ATtiny 44 we need to write a program first and to run this code we also need respective envirnoment.Basically we need programming code and its envirnoment to build into a any board.So we can write a code in Arduino programming language or we can write a code in embedded C as well.Also i am going to explore different envirnoment to run different type of program on my Attiny 44 board.So lets begin to write a code and understand the procedure to used platform for it.
    Step 1.To write a code in different languages.
    Step 2.To run a code on different platform.
    In next section we are going to learn differnt way to write a code and used different platform to run these code.

    Getting started with Arduino

    Introduction:
    Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online. You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board. To do so you use the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing.

    What is the Arduino Software (IDE)?
    The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software (IDE) - contains a text editor for writing code, a message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions and a series of menus. It connects to the Arduino and Genuino hardware to upload programs and communicate with them.

    Install Arduino

  • To install arduino click here

    • Boards Manager Installation

    This core can be installed using the boards manager. The boards manager URL is:

      http://drazzy.com/package_drazzy.com_index.json

      1.File -> Preferences, enter the above URL in "Additional Boards Manager URLs"

      2.Tools -> Boards -> Boards Manager... *If using 1.6.6, close boards manager and re-open it (see below)

      3.Select "ATTinyCore by Spence Konde" and click "Install".

    Arduino programming Code

    Blinking LED Arduino code -
    1. //
    2. //
    3. //
    4. const int LED_BUILTIN1=7;
    5. const int LED_BUILTIN2=8;
    6. void setup() {
      7. //initialize digital pin LED_BUILTIN as an output.
    7. pinMode(LED_BUILTIN1, OUTPUT);
    8. pinMode(LED_BUILTIN2, OUTPUT);
    9. }
      10. // the loop function runs over and over again forever
    10. void loop() {
    11. digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN1, HIGH);
      // turn the LED on
    12. delay(1000);
      13. // wait for a second
    13. digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN1, LOW);
      // turn the LED off
    14. delay(1000);
      15. // wait for a second
    15. digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN2, HIGH);
      16. //turn the LED on
    16. delay(1000);
      // wait for a second
    17. digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN2, LOW);
      18. // turn the LED off
    18. delay(1000);
      // wait for a second
    19. }
    20. else if (digitalRead(button)==LOW)
      // read the input pin:
    21. digitalWrite(led2,LOW);
      // turn the LED off (LOW is the voltage level).
    22. }
    23. }

    Procedural Steps to run Blinking LED Arduino code:

    Step 1.Getting started

    Step 2.Copy the Arduino programming code in editor window and save it.Note:Before using the pins of ATtiny 44 i went through datasheets of it and got to know that pin 7 and 8 is an general purpose, dual function input/output pins which i can used as output pins in my code.

    From Datasheets:

    Step 3.Click on verify and done compiling

    Step 4.Interfaced ATtiny 44 board with FAB ISP and connect through USB connector to computer.Click on upload.

    Step 5.

    Embedded C programming Code

    Blinking C code -
    1. //
    2. //
    3. //
    4. #include
    5. #include
    6. #define LED_PORT PA7
    7. int main(void) {
      8. //Set the LED port number as output.
      // The DDRB is the data direction for port B.
      // This shifts the "1" on left to the desired position and ...
      // does bitwise "OR" with the value in the port register.
    8. DDRA |= (1 << LED_PORT);
      9. // Start infinite loop.
      // (this is how most programs work)
    9. while (1) {
      10. // Set the LED bit to "1" - LED will be "on".
    10. PORTA |= (1 << LED_PORT);
      // Wait a little The delay function simply does N-number of "empty" loops.
    11. _delay_ms(200);
      // Set the LED bit to "0" - LED will be "off".
    12. PORTA &= ~(1 << LED_PORT);
      13. // Wait a little.
    13. _delay_ms(400);
      // Do it again ...
    14. }
      15. // Return the mandatory for the "main" function value.
    15. return (0);
      16. //turn the LED on
    16. delay(1000);
      // wait for a second
    17. }
      18. // turn the LED off

    Procedural Steps to run Blinking LED C code:

    Step 1.Getting started

    Step 2.Copy the C code in editor window and save it.

    Step 3.Click on verify and done compiling

    Step 4.Interfaced ATtiny 44 board with FAB ISP and connect through USB connector to computer.Click on upload.

    Step 5.

    About Arduino Board

    Arduino Uno is based on ATmega328P Atmel AVR family microcontroller (MCU). This MCU has 32KB of flash, 2KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM. It has 14 digital IO pins (PORTD – 8pins, PORTC – 6 pins, PORTB – 5pins), 6 Analogue input pins, which can be sampled using on-chip ADC. It also has 6 PWM outputs multiplexed on to the digital IO pins. A 16 MHz crystal is installed on the board.

    Features of Arduino Uno Board

        1.The operating voltage is 5V.
        2.The recommended input voltage will range from 7v to 12V.
        3.The input voltage ranges from 6v to 20V.
        4.Digital input/output pins are 14.
        5.Analog i/p pins are 6.
        6.DC Current for each input/output pin is 40 mA.
        7.DC Current for 3.3V Pin is 50 mA.
        8.Flash Memory is 32 KB.
        (Source :elprocus)

    Let's learn how to read a pushbutton using Arduino's digital input! We'll connect up a simple circuit using a solderless breadboard and use some simple Arduino code to control a single LED.

    Hardware Build

    As you can see on breadboard there are pushbutton, LED, two resistors, and wires connected to the Arduino.Connect breadboard VCC and ground to Arduino 5V and ground (GND) pin.From above image the idea about circuit connection is got cleard.

    Program in Arduino

    Test the code

    About ESP -32

    I never used this family of microcontroller so i am very much excited to learn and get to know the installation procedure,Pins diagrams and compiling and uploading code as well.Also want to know how this family of microcontrooler is different than others.

    The ESP-WROOM-32 which is a 32-bit microprocessor.ESP32 is a series of low-cost, low-power system on a chip microcontrollers with integrated Wi-Fi and dual-mode Bluetooth. ... ESP32 is created and developed by Espressif Systems, a Shanghai-based Chinese company, and is manufactured by TSMC using their 40 nm process. It is a successor to the ESP8266 microcontroller.

    Pin configuration

    In this article, we will talk about the internal details and the pinning of ESP32.One imporatant thing about ESP -32 is that it is having 34 general purpose I/O pins.Also some of the pins works as a ADC (12-bit).ESP-32 have on board touch sensors,Bluetooth and wi fi module as well.Read more about pin diagram.

    Thing we required

  • ESP32 Module
  • Arduino IDE
  • Programming cable

    • Environment Arduino IDE

  • To program ESP 32 by Arduini IDE you need to first install concerned library for that.
  • Detail procedure for installation of ESP 32 library in Arduini IDE is provided in below video

    • Programming ESP-32

    Testing the board

    Step 1.Select the board ESP 32 Dev Module

    Step 2.Do not change other parameters keep them as it is!

    Step 3.Use USB programming cable to power up the board and connect it to laptop.

    Step 4.After finishing above compile your code

    Step 5.Finally upload the program in ESP 32 board.

    Struggled with errors:

    Step 6.Errors i got ....To be continue
  • Step 7.What i did to get over this error?

    • >when i start uploading my code i got this error i.e.Failed to connect to ESP32: Timed out waiting for packet.The reason to get this kind of error is that when we are uploading new code into ESP -32 ,ESP -32 is running the older code and it doesnt accept the newer one so we need to tell the ESP-32 that to upload this new one for that we need to hold boot button just for 2 sec and leave it,.Here timing of push boot button is important.When you see like this conneting... at that instant only you have to press boot button for 2-3 sec and leave it.

  • Step 8. Finally ESP-32 start blinking the LED.

    • Group assignments

    Micro:bit

    Micro:bit is a pocket-sized microcontroller designed for kids and beginners learning how to program, letting them easily bring ideas into DIY digital games, interactive projects and robotics. micro:bit comes with a variety of on-board modules, including a 5x5 LED matrix (also supports light detection), 2 programmable buttons, motion detector, Compass and Bluetooth® Smart module. Additionally, you may attach more modules such as a servo motor, RGB LED lights through 5 I/O rings or 20 edge connectors.

  • MakeCode and micro:bit

    An Introduction to MakeCode

    MakeCode for micro: bit is one of the most widely used graphical programming environment from the micro: bit website. It is an open source project developed by Microsoft.

    How to Use micro:bit

    As i am new to microbit platform i start with online programming platform - The Makecode editor.

    Step 1:Open Make Code

  • Go to link https://makecode.microbit.org/

    • Step 2:Connect Micro bit to computer

    Connect Micro bit to computer through USB cable.Once it get connected power light will on

    Step 3:Click on New Project

    Micro:bit window is classified into Simulation window, Functional Area and Writing Area
    Simulation window:simulates the operating status of micro: bit. During the process of programming, you can always check how your program looks like the through this window

    Functional window:In this block different function are vailable like input,logic,loop and output etc

    Writing area:In this section we can write eithet block code or javascript code

    Step 4:Start Writing the code

  • Here i am going to demonstrate two exapmle.As a beginer, first i would like to show how to turn on/off the LED of Port 0 only.In the second example i will show you the How to turn on and off Strip of LED.So lets go with first example

    • Example 1:

    Note:Shwon Software simulation only since not having Lab Access due to covid 19.

    Example 2:

  • Go to functionl block click on extension
  • Click on neopixel

    • Step 5:Download the code and HEX file will be generated

    Step 6:Move the hex files and drag it to microbit drive

    For more details please click here

    Group Assignment

    Downloads:

  • Blinking_LED_PROGRAMMING_CODE_in_C
  • BLINKING_LED_ARDUINO_CODE_
  • Pushbutton_blink led
  • Blink_LED on esp32 controller
  • Python prog code