Final Project Concept: Intelligent Interactive Environments

1. Design Sketches & Concepts

🛋️ Functional Interactive Chair

Inspiration: My inspiration came from sleep-assisting beds at an elderly care product expo. These beds help users fall asleep through gentle rhythmic shaking. Combined with the right temperature, music, and lighting, the experience is highly effective.

Core Features: * Rhythmic Support: Integrated airbags at unsupported joints to provide gentle up-and-down movements. * Multisensory Therapy: A combination of temperature control and ambient music to address sleep issues. * Evolution: While I have designed chairs before, this version focuses on functional interaction rather than just static form.

🧢 Light-blocking Hood (Sleep Series Extension)

hat

This is a portable extension of the sleep series designed for rest on the go. * Zero-Interface Interaction: Designed for simplicity and portability. * Smart Inflation: Automatically inflates to provide neck support once activated. * Intelligent Wake-up: Gradually wakes the user based on external environmental conditions or a preset timer.

💿 Intelligent Rhythmic Light Disc Seats

seats

Interactive Logic: * Autonomous Mode: When unoccupied, the seats move slowly with a "breathing" light pattern, interacting autonomously within the space. * Human-Centric Interaction: When a presence is detected, the seat utilizes sensors to track gravity, heart rate, and breathing. * Dynamic Response: These vital signals reshape the seat’s movement trajectory and light patterns in real-time, creating a poetic dialogue between the human body and the algorithm.

but for this idea i have new thinking:

🌙 Ambient Nodes

A spatial interface where connection is felt, not defined

🧾 Project Description

A quiet system of spatial nodes, disguised as familiar objects, that respond to the presence of the body.

As one sits, light begins to breathe—slowly, almost imperceptibly—expanding across the surface and into the surrounding space.

When multiple bodies share the space, their rhythms overlap, synchronize, and interfere, forming connections that are neither fully controlled nor entirely understood.

The project does not aim to create direct interaction, but to reveal how connection emerges through proximity, time, and shared presence.

🧠 Concept

Aspect	Description
Core Idea	Connection as a mediated relationship
Node Role	Hidden interface in familiar objects
Process	Sense → Translate → Express
Behavior	Connection emerges gradually

🧩 System Overview

Stage	Description
Human Body	Physical presence
↓
Sensing	Pressure / optional heart rate
↓
Node	ESP32 + logic processing
↓
Output	Light & subtle movement
↓
Result	Perceived connection

🔁 Multi-node Interaction

Input	Process	Output
Human A → Node A	Interaction Logic	Shared Light Behavior
Human B → Node B

Networking

Method	Description
ESP-NOW / WiFi	Enables low-latency communication between nodes
Data Exchange	Synchronization of state, rhythm, and interaction patterns

🪑 Node Design

Category	Description
Form	Cushion / soft object
Appearance	Familiar, non-technological
Electronics	Hidden
Surface	Soft, diffused

💡 Surface Light Diffusion

Layer	Material	Function	Visual Effect	Design Notes
Top Layer	Stretch fabric / knit textile	Defines outer surface and touch	Soft, warm, non-technical appearance	Should remain visually neutral and hide internal structure
Diffusion Layer	Foam / silicone / diffuser sheet	Spreads and softens light evenly	Smooth, ambient glow without hotspots	Critical layer — determines overall light quality
Light Layer	LED strip (WS2812)	Generates dynamic light behavior	Enables breathing, flow, and interaction patterns	Must not be directly visible; positioned beneath diffusion
Base Layer	Structural support + electronics	Provides stability and houses components	Invisible to user	Contains ESP32, wiring, sensors

🔑 Light Design Principles

Principle	Implementation	Effect
Hide the source	Place LED beneath diffusion layer	Prevents harsh light points
Diffuse the light	Use foam / silicone layer	Creates soft, continuous glow
Control distance	Maintain 1–3 cm between LED and surface	Improves light uniformity
Reduce contrast	Avoid sharp edges or exposed components	Enhances ambient quality

System Implementation

Hardware & Fabrication

Category	Component	Description
Control	XIAO ESP32-C3	Main processing and wireless communication
Input	FSR sensors	Pressure and touch detection
Output	WS2812B LEDs	Visual expression and light behavior
Surface	Fabric / Foam	Soft outer layer for tactile interaction
Structure	3D Print / Laser	Internal support and component integration
Motion (Experimental)	Micro servo	Enables subtle 3–8 mm deformation
Power	Battery / Wired supply	Portable or fixed installation (under evaluation)

Interaction & System Logic

Behavioral States * Idle: Slow breathing light representing presence. * Active: Light expands and intensifies upon physical contact. * Sustained: Stable rhythm maintained during continuous touch. * Proximity: Nodes synchronize patterns based on distance and duration of closeness.

Logic Factors * Distance: Defines the intensity of the inter-node connection. * Time: Defines the depth and stability of the emergent bond.

Bio-modulation (Optional) * Heart rate adjusts breathing speed; variability introduces subtle instability. * Note: Modulation only, no direct mapping.

Expression System

Breathing: Slow, rhythmic fade in and out.
Flow: Light movement across the surface.
Transmission: Light patterns transferring from node to node.
Interference: Overlapping patterns causing visual disruption.
Subtle Movement: Optional 3–8 mm slow physical deformation. Using micro servo.

Development Roadmap

Phase	Requirement	Features
Minimum Viable Prototype	Functional Prototype	2 Nodes, pressure sensing, basic breathing light
Evaluation	Perception Goals	Functional sensing, emergent connection, sense of aliveness
Future Development	System Expansion	More nodes, mobility, sound layers, and bio-sensing

Final Statement

The project is not about interaction, but about how connection emerges quietly through presence, time, and proximity.

Final Project

Assignment

What does it do?
Smart Stillness Feedback Cushion is an interactive cushion built around still sitting, posture adjustment, and self-observation. When the user sits down, the cushion reads body pressure and posture change through sensors, then shows the current state through light feedback. It does not only show whether someone is sitting; it also helps me observe whether I am still adjusting, whether my body is becoming more stable, and whether I have entered a quieter sitting state.
The effect is clearer when the cushion is used in front of a mirror or in a darker environment, because the user can see the light change more clearly and use it as a simple way to observe their own state. At the same time, the light can also let other people know that the user is sitting quietly and does not want to be disturbed at that moment.
Who's done what beforehand?
In the earlier development, I completed project direction adjustment, posture-related testing, form iteration, structural prototyping, sensor testing, and the first stage of organizing the electronics system.
What did you design?
I designed the overall concept, cushion form, sitting feedback logic, sensor input method, light response method, and the internal organization of the electronic system.
What materials and components were used?
The project uses a control board, pressure sensors or a flexible sensing structure, LED strips, diffuser materials, foam, covering materials, 3D printed parts, and power and wiring components.
Where did they come from?
Electronic parts were purchased from standard suppliers, structural parts were modeled and fabricated by me, and the soft materials came from local sourcing and studio stock.
How much did they cost?
The total cost will be summarized in the final BOM.
What parts and systems were made?
The project includes cushion form development, posture-related testing, sensor input testing, light feedback logic, structural prototyping, and internal electronics organization.
What processes were used?
The workflow included CAD modeling, 3D printing, material testing, sensor wiring tests, light debugging, programming, and full prototype iteration.
What questions were answered?
The project asks whether a cushion can use structure, sensors, and light feedback to make sitting, staying, posture adjustment, and self-observation into a clear and readable interaction.
What worked? What didn't?
What moved forward well includes posture and form adjustment, sensor testing, and electronics organization. What still needs work is sensing stability, wrapping details, light visibility in different environments, and full assembly refinement.
How was it evaluated?
It was evaluated through posture testing, sensor reading observation, lighting behavior, visibility in front of a mirror and in darker environments, structural installation, and overall user experience.
What are the implications?
This project helped me turn an earlier broad idea into a real interactive object centered on sitting, observing my own state, adjusting posture, and communicating that state to others.

Overview

This revised version of the project is now clearly defined as Smart Stillness Feedback Cushion. Instead of keeping the description broad and scattered, I brought the project back to a more direct and buildable object: a cushion that responds to sitting, posture adjustment, staying, and self-observation through sensors and light.

The biggest change in this stage is that I started treating posture and self-observation as part of the design itself. I am no longer only checking whether the sensor can be triggered or whether the light can turn on. I am now observing how different sitting positions, weight shifts, and staying patterns affect the form, the force distribution, and the electronic feedback of the cushion. When used in front of a mirror or in a darker environment, the light change becomes easier to read, so the user can observe whether their body is still adjusting or becoming more stable.

The project also has a simple social function. When the light shows a quiet sitting state, it can let people nearby know that the user is currently focusing on sitting and does not want to be disturbed. This is not meant to block other people out, but to make the user's current state visible in a simple and gentle way.

At the same time, the project has already moved into the stage of organizing the internal electronic system. Alongside adjusting the shape and sitting experience, I am also arranging the sensor input, control logic, light response, and internal connections so that the structure and the electronics can work as one system rather than as separate experiments.

Project Description

Summary: Smart Stillness Feedback Cushion is an interactive prototype built around sitting, staying, posture adjustment, and self-observation. It uses sensors and light to turn body state into visible feedback, and it also shows others that the user is sitting quietly and does not want to be disturbed.

Concept

Aspect	Description
Project Name	Smart Stillness Feedback Cushion
Main Action	Sit / Stay / Adjust posture / Observe self-state
Input	Pressure change / posture change / staying time
Output	Light response
Best Use Context	In front of a mirror, in a darker environment, or when the user needs quiet time
Personal Function	Help the user observe whether they are becoming still
Social Function	Let others know the user is sitting quietly and does not want to be disturbed
Current Focus	Posture adjustment, form refinement, sensor testing, electronics organization
Current Stage	Prototype integration and sensor testing
Next Step	Improve structure, stabilize sensing, organize internal system

Meaning / Why It Matters

The meaning of this project is not to make a cushion that simply lights up. It is to make a cushion that helps the user observe their own state.

When sitting, it is easy not to notice that the body is still moving, adjusting, or not yet settled. The sensor and the light make these changes more visible. Especially in front of a mirror or in a darker space, the user can see the light change and understand the process of sitting down, adjusting posture, becoming stable, and leaving.

It also has an external meaning. Sometimes it is difficult or unnecessary to directly say “please do not disturb me.” This cushion uses light status to make that message more natural. When a person sits on it and enters a quiet sitting state, people nearby can understand that this person is organizing their own state and should not be interrupted suddenly.

So the project has two layers of meaning:

Meaning	Explanation
For myself	It helps me see my posture change and sitting state
For others	It lets others know I am sitting quietly and do not want to be disturbed
For the object	It turns the cushion from a support object into a feedback object
For the project	It connects form, sensing, light, and electronics into one clear logic

Final Outcome

At the current stage, the project is no longer just a simple proof of one function. The main focus now is to develop the cushion as a complete object: improving the sitting posture relationship and outer form, testing how the sensors behave in real use, and organizing the light feedback and internal electronics layout at the same time.

When the user sits down, the cushion responds to the pressure change with light. When the user is adjusting posture, the light can change. As the posture becomes more stable or the staying time becomes longer, the feedback state also becomes more stable. When the body leaves or the pressure drops clearly, the system shifts to another feedback state.

This feedback is easier to observe in front of a mirror or in a darker environment. In this way, the user is not only using the cushion, but also observing their own state through the cushion. At the same time, the light can act as a simple external signal to show others that the user is sitting quietly or does not want to be disturbed.

System Overview

Stage	Description
User Action	Sit down / adjust posture / stay / leave
Sensor Input	Detect pressure and body-position change
Control Logic	Read values and switch response states
Output	Light turns on, changes, and fades
Self Observation	User observes light change in mirror or darker space
Social Signal	Light indicates a quiet / do-not-disturb state
Design Goal	Let the cushion visibly respond to sitting behavior and personal state

Interaction Flow

Idle ➡ Sit Detected ➡ Posture Adjusting ➡ Stable Sitting ➡ Quiet State Visible ➡ Leave ➡ Fade Out

Form Development and Sitting Adjustment

One of the most important parts of this revised stage is that I started looking back at the whole object through posture improvement and form adjustment. Once the cushion is actually used, many issues turn out not to be only about electronics, but about shape, support position, force path, and material thickness working together.

So I no longer treat the cushion as just a shell with light and sensors inside. I treat it as an object that directly touches the body and needs to be adjusted accordingly. Sitting angle, body balance, edge support, and surface softness all influence the experience, and they also directly affect the sensor data.

Form Adjustment Notes

Item	Current Adjustment
Seat Shape	Refine the sitting surface so the body can stay more steadily
Support Area	Observe the weight concentration area and avoid overly local pressure
Surface Thickness	Balance comfort and sensing sensitivity
Outer Form	Make the object feel more unified, not just like an electronics shell
Light Visibility	Consider light visibility in front of a mirror and in darker environments

Summary: Posture adjustment is not an extra part. It is the basis of whether this project can really work.

Hardware & Electronics

Bill of Materials (BOM)

No.	Component	Qty	Function
①	Main control board	1	Read sensor input and control output
②	Pressure sensor / sensing layer	1 set	Detect sitting and posture change
③	LED strip / light module	1	Provide visual feedback
④	Diffuser material	1 set	Soften and spread the light
⑤	Foam / soft support layer	1 set	Build cushion thickness and support
⑥	Outer covering material	1 set	Wrap and finish the surface
⑦	3D printed structural parts	1 set	Hold electronics and define inner layout
⑧	Battery / power module	1	Supply power
⑨	Wires and connectors	1 set	Internal electrical connection

Electronics System Organization

Different from the earlier stage of local testing, I now care much more about whether the electronic system is actually organized well. That means not only that the sensor is connected and the light works, but also that the internal structure is clear, the module positions make sense, and later maintenance remains possible.

Electronics Structure

Part	Role	Current Focus
Sensor Layer	Detect body pressure	Improve reading stability
Controller	Process input and control output	Organize wiring and logic
Light Module	Show system feedback	Match different sitting states
Power System	Support stable operation	Arrange power method
Inner Wiring	Connect all modules	Reduce messy internal layout

The current work has moved from testing single parts toward organizing how the whole internal system fits together. This step matters because once the cushion form is more closed, debugging and future iteration become much harder if the electronics are still messy.

Sensor Testing

The project has already moved into the sensor testing stage, and the focus is no longer only whether the system reacts, but whether it can respond to real posture changes.

I am observing:

the first pressure when a person sits down
the change when the body moves left or right
the fluctuation during small posture adjustments
the stability after staying for a longer time
the recovery state after leaving the cushion
whether the light change is readable in front of a mirror
whether the feedback becomes clearer in a darker environment

Sensor Logic Table

State	Sensor Condition	Feedback
Idle	No pressure	Light off / standby
Sit Detected	Initial pressure appears	Light on
Posture Adjusting	Pressure shifts or changes	Light changes dynamically
Stable Sitting	Pressure stays steady	Light becomes smoother
Quiet / Do-not-disturb State	Stable sitting continues	Light keeps a clear calm state
Leave	Pressure drops	Fade out

Summary: The current goal is no longer “can the sensor be triggered,” but “can it read posture change and turn the sitting state into feedback that both the user and others can understand.”

Light Feedback

The light in this project is not just decoration. It is the way the cushion shows posture change, staying condition, and the state of not wanting to be disturbed.

Light Response Plan

Situation	Light Behavior
No one sitting	Off or very dim standby
User sits down	Light turns on
User adjusts posture	Brightness / rhythm changes
User stays still	Light becomes slower and steadier
Quiet state continues	Light keeps a clear stable state
User leaves	Light fades out

I want the light change to be clear but not overwhelming. The point is not to create a complicated animation, but to let the user feel that the cushion really noticed the action of sitting, moving, and staying. It can also show others that I am sitting quietly and should not be disturbed for the moment.

Software / Logic

The code logic at this stage is not about adding many functions. It is about organizing the states of sitting, adjusting, stabilizing, quiet sitting, and leaving in a clear way.

// 1. Pin definitions
const int SENSOR_PIN = A0;
const int LED_PIN = 2;

// 2. State definitions
enum State {
  IDLE,
  SIT_DETECTED,
  ADJUSTING,
  STABLE_SITTING,
  QUIET_STATE,
  LEAVING
};

State currentState = IDLE;
int sensorValue = 0;
unsigned long stateTimer = 0;

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(115200);
  pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {
  sensorValue = analogRead(SENSOR_PIN);

  switch (currentState) {
    case IDLE:
      if (sensorValue > 500) {
        currentState = SIT_DETECTED;
        stateTimer = millis();
      }
      break;

    case SIT_DETECTED:
      if (sensorValue > 500 && millis() - stateTimer > 1500) {
        currentState = STABLE_SITTING;
        stateTimer = millis();
      }
      if (sensorValue > 450 && sensorValue < 520) {
        currentState = ADJUSTING;
      }
      if (sensorValue < 400) {
        currentState = LEAVING;
      }
      break;

    case ADJUSTING:
      if (sensorValue > 520) {
        currentState = STABLE_SITTING;
        stateTimer = millis();
      }
      if (sensorValue < 400) {
        currentState = LEAVING;
      }
      break;

    case STABLE_SITTING:
      if (sensorValue < 500) {
        currentState = ADJUSTING;
      }
      if (millis() - stateTimer > 5000) {
        currentState = QUIET_STATE;
      }
      if (sensorValue < 400) {
        currentState = LEAVING;
      }
      break;

    case QUIET_STATE:
      if (sensorValue < 500) {
        currentState = ADJUSTING;
      }
      if (sensorValue < 400) {
        currentState = LEAVING;
      }
      break;

    case LEAVING:
      if (sensorValue < 300) {
        currentState = IDLE;
      }
      break;
  }

  // 3. Light behavior mapping should be added here
}

Problems & Solutions

Problem 1: Posture change is more complex than expected

At first I thought it would be enough to detect whether someone is sitting or not. But in real testing, posture keeps shifting and body weight moves constantly, so the input state is more complex than a simple on/off trigger.

Solution 1

Change the logic from a simple trigger to multiple states.
Treat posture adjustment as a separate stage.
Use repeated testing to distinguish quick movement from stable staying.

Problem 2: Form and sensing affect each other

When the cushion shape, thickness, and support method change, the sensor behavior changes as well.

Solution 2

Adjust the form and test the sensor at the same time.
Stop treating structure and electronics as separate problems.
Test under real sitting conditions rather than only reading desk data.

Problem 3: The internal electronics can easily become messy

Earlier tests were done with temporary wiring. But once the project moves toward full assembly, this will become difficult to manage if the internal system is not organized.

Solution 3

Start organizing the internal modules clearly.
Plan wiring and power positions.
Let the structure reserve space for the electronic system instead of forcing it in later.

Problem 4: The light is easier to read in the right environment

In a very bright environment, the light feedback may not be clear enough. But in front of a mirror or in a darker space, the user can see the change much more clearly.

Solution 4

Use the mirror and darker environment as important testing scenarios.
Adjust brightness and diffusion so the feedback is easier to read.
Do not make the light overly strong; make it clear in the right context.

Current Status

At the moment, the project is moving forward through four parallel tasks:

Improving posture and adjusting the form
Testing sensors and observing posture-related changes
Organizing the electronics system and internal wiring logic
Testing light feedback in front of a mirror and in darker environments

So the current Smart Stillness Feedback Cushion is no longer a project that stays at the level of concept writing. It is now an active prototype where the form, interaction, electronics, and use context are being developed together.

The next steps are to stabilize the sensor behavior, organize the internal system more clearly, refine the light feedback, and move the cushion from a testing state toward a more complete integrated prototype.

Reflection

After reorganizing the project in this way, I feel the most important progress is not that it has more functions, but that it finally matches its own name. Smart Stillness Feedback Cushion is no longer just an abstract idea or a small lighting experiment. It is now moving forward more clearly around posture, feedback, self-observation, state communication, form, and electronics organization.

Files

images/
cad/
code/
bom/
video/

Week 13 Midterm Review

Assignment

According to the Fab Academy 2026 Midterm Review requirement, this week serves as a critical checkpoint to verify project feasibility. I am required to present a system diagram, a detailed task list, a realistic schedule, and a review of the proposal's progress, while connecting it to the skills developed in previous weekly assignments.

Overview

This page keeps the meaning of the Midterm Review as a stage-based checkpoint, but the content now matches the current final project direction more clearly. At that moment, I had already started narrowing the project from a scattered idea into an interactive cushion centered on sitting, feedback, form adjustment, and self-observation.

It does not need to read like the finished final page, but it should show why the project later continued into the current Smart Stillness Feedback Cushion.

Review of Final Project Proposal and Current Progress

Current Status

At the midterm stage, I realized that the project could not stay in a broad and undefined direction. It needed to become a clear object. So I started focusing on a cushion prototype that could actually be sat on, tested for feedback, and further developed through both form adjustment and electronics organization.

Proposal Review

My judgment at that time was that the meaningful part of the project was not just to make an object that lights up, but to make an object that responds to sitting, staying, and posture change. After the project continued, this meaning became clearer: it can also help the user observe their own state and let others know that the user does not want to be disturbed at that moment.

Core Question: Can a cushion respond to sitting, posture change, and self-observation in a way that is visible, readable, and worth continuing to develop?

Tasks to Be Completed

Task	Description	Status
Posture Testing	Observe how different sitting positions affect structure and feedback	⏳
Form Adjustment	Refine the cushion shape and support relationship	⏳
Sensor Integration	Test the sensor inside the real structure	⏳
Light Feedback Logic	Organize the logic of sitting, adjusting, staying, and leaving	⏳
Self-observation Test	Test light visibility in front of a mirror and in darker environments	⏳
Electronics Organization	Arrange internal modules and wiring	⏳
Prototype Integration	Bring form, structure, sensing, and light into one prototype	⏳

Summary: The key point of the midterm stage was to decide how the project should be narrowed, not to finish everything at once.

Remaining Schedule

Time	Plan	Deliverables
Late April	Narrow the project direction and update the midterm review	Midterm page
Early May	Start posture testing and sensor testing	Test records
Mid May	Adjust the form and organize the internal system	Updated prototype
June	Continue refining feedback and overall assembly	Integrated version
July	Complete documentation, video, and presentation	Final presentation

Why This Direction

Why a cushion?

Because a cushion is naturally related to bodily staying. It is not an object that is only pressed once like a button. It continuously receives body weight, posture change, and staying time, which makes it suitable for feedback testing.

Why focus on posture?

Because once someone actually sits on it, posture itself becomes part of the input. It affects the force distribution, sensor values, and feedback change, so it cannot be treated as a side condition.

Why add self-observation?

Because the cushion is not only for the system to detect a state, and not only for other people to see. It should first help the user observe their own state. A mirror and a darker environment make the light change easier to see and help the user connect the feedback with their own body feeling.

Structure & System Direction

Direction	Description
Object-based development	Narrow the project into a clear interactive cushion object
Form adjustment	Improve the relationship between posture and outer form
Sensor testing	Test input under real sitting conditions
Self-observation	Observe state change through mirror and darker environment
System organization	Organize the internal electronics logic and connections early

Current BOM Draft

No.	Part	Choice	Function	Status
①	Main board	Control board	Controller	Available
②	Sensor	Pressure sensing structure	Input	Testing
③	Light module	LED strip	Output	Available
④	Soft structure	Foam and wrap	Sitting surface	In progress
⑤	Shell / support	3D printed parts	Inner support	In progress
⑥	Power	Battery / wired supply	Power source	To decide

Interaction State Logic

IDLE
  → [Sit]
SIT DETECTED
  → [Adjust posture]
POSTURE ADJUSTING
  → [Stay steady]
STABLE SITTING
  → [Quiet state visible]
QUIET / DO-NOT-DISTURB STATE
  → [Leave]
FADE OUT
  → IDLE

Risk and Backup Plan

⚠️ Caution:
- Posture change can make the sensor data more complex than expected.
- Form and sensing affect each other.
- If the internal system is not organized early, later integration will become messy.
- If the structure is closed too early, debugging becomes difficult.
- If the environment is too bright, the light feedback may not be visible enough.

Backup Strategy

If the sensor readings are not stable enough, first make the main states clear.
If the full structure is not ready yet, make sure form, sensing, and feedback can still be tested together.
If the light is not clear enough in a bright environment, use the mirror and darker space as the main presentation context.
If time becomes tight, prioritize one integrated working prototype that clearly shows the interaction logic.

Reflection

The biggest value of the Midterm Review for me was realizing that the project could not stay at the level of ideas. It had to be narrowed into an object that could actually be sat on, tested, adjusted, and developed together with its internal system. The later progress of the final project was basically built on that decision.

Looking back now, the meaning is clearer: this cushion does not only give feedback about posture. It also helps the user observe their own state and uses light to make the “do not disturb” state easier for others to understand.

🎨 Research: Light Art & Perception

The development of contemporary light art is deeply influenced by the Light and Space Movement, placing a core emphasis on perceptual experience.

1. James Turrell

Based on perceptual psychology, Turrell treats light as a physical, volumetric substance. * Representative Work: Ganzfeld Series * Concept: Eliminates the sense of depth through uniform colored light, allowing the audience to experience “seeing oneself seeing”.

2. Olafur Eliasson

Eliasson specializes in simulating natural phenomena to investigate the relationship between humans and their environment. * Representative Work: The Weather Project * Concept: Created a gigantic indoor sun at Tate Modern using monochromatic lights and haze.

3. TeamLab

An internationally acclaimed digital art collective integrating lighting, projection, and sensors. * Representative Work: The Infinite Crystal Universe * Concept: Employs tens of thousands of LED nodes to alter patterns in real-time based on audience movement.

4. Dan Flavin

A pioneer of light art who defined architectural boundaries using industrial fluorescent tubes. * Key Focus: Using standard industrial materials to transform the perception of architectural space.