Week summary
Teamwork allowed us to meet in different locations and use the CNC tool at one of Fab Lab Lima's mobile labs. We also met with Silvana Espinoza, who provided support in using the mobile Fab Lab's CNC machine, helping us resolve some questions that arose during the process.
As a team, we actively collaborated to understand the PCB production process. We explored how to properly prepare design files, generate toolpaths, and configure the CNC milling machine for both trace milling and board cutting.
During the process, we tested different parameters, such as depth of cut, feed rate, and tool selection, with the goal of achieving clean and precise milling of the printed circuit board. These tests allowed us to identify the appropriate settings and avoid common problems, such as incomplete traces or board damage.
Through this collaborative work, we gained a better understanding of the entire PCB manufacturing flow, recognizing how small adjustments to parameters can significantly influence the final result.
This experience was fundamental in strengthening our knowledge and ensuring the success of our individual PCB designs.
Quick data
- Topic: Electronics Production
- Student: Carmen Elena Gutierrez Apolinario ,David Avila Pimentel ,Esteban Miguel Valladares Granda ,Jennifer Wong ,Jianfranco Bazan ,Mario Chong ,Rocio Milagros Maravi Aguilar,Cindy Crispin, Grace Schwan
- Software:FlatCAM, Candle software
- Machine / Process:TWO TREES ROUTER CNC TTC3018 PRO
Group assignment:
- Characterize the design rules for your in-house PCB production process: document the settings for your machine.
- Document the workflow for sending a PCB to a boardhouse.
- Document your work to the group work page and reflect on your individual page what you learned.
Learning outcomes
- Describe the process of tool-path generation, milling/laser engraving, stuffing, de-bugging and programming.
- Demonstrate correct workflows and identify areas for improvement if required.
Team or authors
Use this block only if the week has group work.
- Carmen Elena Gutierrez Apolinario
- Garce Schwan Silva
- David Avila Pimentel
- Esteban Miguel Valladares Granda
- Jennifer Wong
- Jianfranco Bazan
- Mario Chong
- Rocio Milagros Maravi Aguilar
- Cindy Marilyn Crispin
group work
Introduction To Electronic Production
Professor Roberto Delgado conducted a virtual introduction to printed circuit boards (PCBs), covering materials and manufacturing methods. He also explained the soldering process, the materials and equipment used, and the necessary safety procedures for these activities.
This information was fundamental to the group project, as it allowed us to understand the characteristics of the machines and receive practical recommendations based on his experience. We also learned about the manufacturing process using MODS and how to identify common problems, such as poor or incorrect soldering.
Finally, the importance of safety during the soldering process was reinforced, highlighting best practices to avoid risks and improve the quality of the work.
Introduction to Printed Circuit Boards
JLCPCB – PCB Ordering Process
1. Open the page
Go to https://jlcpcb.com
If you want, log in (it is not required to get a quote, but it is required to place an order).
2. Go to Quote
Click on "Quote Now" or "Quote PCB".
You will see a screen like the one in your image.
3. Upload Gerber file
Click on the blue "Add Gerber file" button.
- It must be a ZIP file (recommended).
- It contains the Gerber files exported from KiCad, Eagle, etc.
- Wait a few seconds for the design to load automatically.
4. Configure your PCB
After uploading the file, review and adjust the parameters.
Basic parameters
- Size: Automatically detected
- Layers: 1 or 2
- Base material: FR-4
- Thickness: 1.6 mm
- Color: Green, red, black, etc.
- Quantity: Example 5
Additional options
- Surface Finish: HASL
- Via Covering: Default
- Silkscreen: White or black
- Special options: Not required for beginners
5. View the quote
- Base price
- Manufacturing time
- Additional costs
6. Calculate shipping
- Click on "Save to Cart"
- Go to the cart
- Enter your address
- Choose shipping method
7. Review and order
- Preview your PCB
- Check layers carefully
- Proceed to Checkout and Pay
Important Tips
- Upload ZIP files
- Check tracks and drills
- Use 3D preview
- Use default settings if beginner
Complete workflow summary
- Export Gerber
- Upload ZIP
- Review parameters
- View price
- Add to cart
- Choose shipping
- Pay
Evidence Gallery
To manufacture the PCB, the design file is uploaded to the JLCPCB platform. Once the file is loaded, the system automatically detects the board specifications and displays a preview of the design. At this stage, we can configure different manufacturing options such as board thickness, material type, number of layers, and surface finish (for example, HASL or ENIG). We can also choose the solder mask color and other details depending on the project requirements. After reviewing all the settings, the order can be confirmed and prepared for production.
In the following steps, we define the board size according to the project requirements, as well as the thickness of the PCB. We also select the solder mask color, depending on the desired finish. Additionally, we review technical parameters such as the minimum trace width and spacing, ensuring that the design meets manufacturing standards. These configurations help guarantee that the board will be produced correctly and with the expected quality.
Finally, after selecting all the specifications and configuration options, the platform provides an estimate of the manufacturing time and total cost. This allows us to review the order details before confirming, ensuring that it fits both our schedule and budget.
TWO TREES ROUTER CNC TTC3018PRO
TTC3018PRO
Tests on the milling machine
To perform the tests on the CNC machine, we began by using the sample file provided in class. Then, we used FlatCAM software to import the image and verify that the file had been loaded correctly.
Once imported, we proceeded to configure the tool. In this case, we selected a 0.1 mm V-shaped end mill with a 30° angle. Next, we defined the machine parameters, including the X, Y, and Z axis speeds, the tool diameter, the depth of cut, and the safety heights for travel between operations.
A depth of cut of -0.05 mm was set, sufficient to remove the material in a single pass. A safety height of 2 mm was also configured on the Z axis to prevent collisions during travel.
Additionally, the automatic Z0 system was used to more accurately calibrate the tool height relative to the material surface, ensuring uniform milling. This calibration allowed us to compensate for small differences in the surface of the material.
For machining the plate, the tool was changed to a four-flute end mill with a diameter of 2.0 mm, adjusting the specific parameters for this operation.
Once the toolpaths were generated, the G-code file was exported from FlatCAM and sent to the CNC machine for execution. The corresponding file was selected on the machine, and the machining process began.
Finally, the work area was cleaned, and the results were analyzed to identify potential process improvements.
Automatic and Manual Z-Axis Calibration
There is a slight difference between calibrating the Z-axis with the automatic calibration system and doing so manually. Automatic calibration uses sensors to detect the material surface and adjust the tool height accordingly, which can be faster and more convenient.
However, manual calibration allows for more precise control of the tool height, which can be useful for irregular materials or for achieving a specific finish.
In general, automatic calibration is adequate for most applications, but manual calibration may be preferable when greater accuracy is required or when working with difficult materials.
Evidence
Steps in FlatCAM (Import Image as Object)
- Open FlatCAM and create a new project.
- Go to File → Import → Image as Object.
-
In the left panel, configure the import parameters:
- Object Type: Geometry (recommended for CNC)
- DPI value: Adjust depending on image resolution (e.g., 96 or higher)
-
Set the Level of Detail:
- Choose B/W for simple designs
- Adjust threshold values to improve contrast
- Click on "Import Image" and select your file.
- The image will appear in the workspace. Verify its position and scale.
-
If necessary, adjust:
- Size (Scale)
- Position (Move)
-
Generate toolpaths:
- Select the geometry object
- Create a CNC Job
- Define tool diameter, feed rate, and cut depth
- Export the G-code for CNC machining.
Open FlatCAM and start a new project. Then go to File → Import → Image as Object. In the left panel, configure the object type as Geometry and adjust the DPI if necessary (for example, 96). Click on "Import Image" and select your image file. Once imported, the image will appear in the workspace, and you can select it from the Project panel on the left side.
After importing the image, it is automatically converted into a black and white format, which helps define the shapes for processing. The result appears directly in the workspace area, where the geometry of the image can be clearly visualized and prepared for the next steps.
Once the image is imported, we can start working with it in the workspace. The grid is visible, which helps us understand scale and positioning. At this stage, it is also possible to modify the file by adjusting its size, position, or other parameters as needed.
Height map calibration process using Candle software.
As we continue the process, the toolpath for the CNC machine is generated, defining the paths that the tool will follow to reproduce the design accurately.
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Height map calibration process.
Finally, we export the file as G-code, which will be used by the CNC machine to execute the machining process based on the generated toolpaths.
Height map calibration process using Candle software.
In Candle software, the cutting paths and movement directions are displayed, allowing us to visualize how the CNC machine will execute the job before starting the machining process.
tools for use.
final cnc cutting Automatic and Manual Z-Axis Calibration.
THE TT3018 CNC MACHINING MACHINE IS NOT RECOMMENDED
Although several versions and quality levels exist, the one I used had connection errors and electrical noise, causing the machine to jam during machining. I read that others have experienced the same problem.
Even so, I decided to try Candle to load the G-code. What impressed me was its height map calibration for printed circuit boards, which takes measurements on the Z-axis across the entire work area.
Files and links
Conclusions
As a group, we collectively developed a comprehensive understanding of the printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing process, from file preparation to final machining using the CNC machine. By working collaboratively, we explored, tested, and adjusted different parameters together, which helped us achieve more precise results and minimize common errors throughout the process.
We also strengthened our teamwork skills while using digital tools such as FlatCAM and operating manufacturing equipment. Through shared responsibilities and constant communication, we recognized the importance of proper setup, planning, and coordination to ensure successful outcomes.
Overall, this group experience allowed us to consolidate our technical knowledge, enhance collaboration, and build collective confidence in our ability to design and manufacture PCBs both as a team and individually.