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4/1/2026 Networking Lecture Notes

Eric Pan from Seeed:

1 High frequency has short range Must have protocols to be able to read signal through interference

Low frequency has longer wavelength

2

Types of wifi HTTP reliable but heavy

LoRa and long range Sends small packets far away with low power consumption RA-08-1262 chip

What do I need? 3

4

5

Luc Hanneuse from AgriLab:

Asynchronous serial communication

Serial broadcast

TX sends a signal RX are listening Have address Can send message back to unit 6

Serial hop count

No addresses Each listening station takes a packet 7

Adrian Torres: https://fabacademy.org/2020/labs/leon/students/adrian-torres/week14.html#hello_serial_bus And another example with I2C with Attiny https://fabacademy.org/2020/labs/leon/students/adrian-torres/week14.html#hello_i2c

Neil Gershenfeld https://transition.fcc.gov/Bureaus/OPP/working_papers/oppwp38chart.pdf

https://www.analog.com/en/resources/analog-dialogue/articles/wireless-short-range-devices.html

https://www.ti.com/lit/an/swra048/swra048.pdf

https://www.edn.com/using-433-mhz-for-wireless-connectivity-in-the-internet-of-things/

Synchronous serial communication: Serial I2C/TWI -like serial broadcast -each has an address -takes individual instructions -qwiic, StTEMMA boards that use I2C 8

9

Can use a usb card to read from memory

USB serial communication Ethernet serial Recommended to use a module WIZ850IO

Henk:

OSI layers 7: application (HTTP) 6: presentation (SSL) 5: session (RPC) 4: transport (TCP, UDP) 3: network (IP) 2: data link (MAC) 1: physical (PHY)

physical media capacity bandwidth * log_2 (signal/noise) wired single-ended, differential, powerline open collector, open drain -pull down resistor transmission (pass) gate, tri-state transmission line waveguide SONET optical fiber wireless RF FCC Part 15 ISM

ISM stands for Industry, Science, Medical. They are the frequencies we are allowed to use 13.56, 40, 433, 868, 915 MHz, 2.4, 5.8, 24 GHz note note note 802.11 Wi-Fi sensing 802.15 ZigBee 6LoWPAN Bluetooth, BLE GATT GAP UUID Services mesh app stack Arduino MicroPython LoRa newer standard, can send over larger distances, larger packages Kbps kbps, km Arduino MicroPython LoRaWAN The Things Network optical transmitter receiver LiFi RGB acoustic

modulation PCM: Pulse-Code Modulation PPM: Pulse-Position Modulation OOK: On-Off Keying FSK: Frequency-Shift Keying BPSK: Binary Phase-Shift Keying QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing FHSS: Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum DSSS: Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum UWB: Ultra-WideBand

channel sharing ALOHA Master-Secondary Token Ring TDMA: Time-Division Multiple Access FDMA: Frequency-Division Multiple Access CSMA: Carrier-Sense Multiple Access CD: Collision Detection CA: Collision Avoidance 1-persistent: transmit when clear nonpersistent: random backoff p-persistent: probability to transmit CDMA: Code-Division Multiple Access MIMO: Multiple-Input Multiple-Output "PDMA": Physical-Division Multiple Access

errors detection, correction block, convolution codes parity, checksum, CRC, Hamming, Reed-Solomon, Turbo

networking Internet protocols

warriorsofthenet animation on how the internet works heleen: Not so much about the physical layer but I took this free course 10y ago and really liked it: https://www.coursera.org/learn/internet-history

  RFCs example example
  IPv4, IPv6
     unrouted, routed, unicast, multicast, broadcast addresses
  DNS DHCP NAT PAT private
  routing BGP
  UDP, TCP
  HTTP
  BGP AODV ROLL
  Sockets

how you send information over internet 10

     udpsnd.js udprcv.js video
     udpsnd.py udprcv.py
     udpsnd.c udprcv.c
     WebSockets
  Wireshark
  SLIP
     slattach route
     hello.bus.45.SLIP.c makefile udp_slip.py video
  IoT, event

APA

Saheen Palayi:

Here is a link to his GitLab page for this class followed by the contents and my notes Saheen Palayi Networking and Communications Class

FA26 Networking and Communications

RFID

NFC Altered-RFID-card

Zigbee

Concept

ESP32 C6 (2.4 GHz Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 32-bit, Zigbee)

Xiao ESP32 C6

hello.ESP32C6 board components traces interior video

hello.ESP32C6.zigbee.ZCZR.ino hello.ESP32C6.zigbee.ED.ino

Bluetooth Project

Home Assistant ESPHome

Z - Wave, Thread

Feature Zigbee Z-Wave Thread
Frequency 2.4 GHz Sub-GHz(908/868 Mhz) 2.4 GHz
IP-based ❌ ❌ ✅
Open standard Mostly No Yes
Needs hub Yes Yes Border router
Typical range Medium Long Medium

Matter

smart home

Matter-Over-Wifi How-to-video

Matter over Thread OTBR Pi OTBR

IPhone XIAO ESP32-C5 Video

MatterOnOffLight.ino README.md

Credits:- techisms

ESP NOW

project project

~~2G, 3G,~~ 4G, 5G, 6G, NB-IoT Hologram IoT

LoRA

LoRA WAN Indoor Gateway outdoor

Meshtastic

Project

Espressif ESP chips Set up webservers RF ID Zigbee protocol 11

esp32-R home assistant esphome Matter Another smart home device protocol over wifi esp32-C5

esp32-C5 can link to iphone Thread protocol Meshtastic LoRA communicates device to device without internet

wireless radios oscillator, mixer, PA, LNA, IF, I/Q, demod, baseband, filters antennas Q, antenna gain, impedance matching, short antennas FabFi single-chip ESP32 (2.4 GHz Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 32-bit) versions ESP32-C3 module hello.button-blink.C3 board components traces interior hello.Web-blink.C3.py microdot.py microdot_asyncio.py video hello.BLE-blink.C3.py blueart.py hello.BLE-blink.C3.html video NUS Web Bluetooth ESP32-WROOM pins hello.ESP32-WROOM board components traces traces+exterior holes interior Web client video Web server video UDP video Bluetooth serial video 802.11 LR ESP32-CAM hello.ESP32-CAM board components traces traces+exterior holes interior camera video ESP8266 (2.4 GHz Wi-Fi, 8-bit) chip module board power hello.ESP-01 board components traces traces+exterior holes interior Web server video hello.ESP-WROOM-02D board components traces traces+exterior holes interior Access point video MFRC522 (13.56 MHz RFID) chip module library security hello.MFRC522.t1614 board components traces traces+exterior interior video nRF24L01+ (2.4 GHz ISM) chip module library project antennas hello.nRF24L01P.44 board components traces traces+exterior interior nRF905 (433/868/915 MHz ISM) chip module library RN4871 (2.4 GHz Bluetooth) chip module commands hello.RN4871.ftdi board components traces traces+exterior interior video CC2541 (2.4 GHz Bluetooth) chip HC-08 HM-10 HM-11 commands hello.HM-11.ftdi board components traces traces+exterior interior video nRF52 (2.4 GHz Bluetooth, ISM) chip module project project CYW43438 (2.4 GHz, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, FM) chip module board RA-01 RA-01S RA-02 RA-08 (410-525 MHz LoRa) RA-01-KIT RA-01S-KIT RA-08-KIT RA-01H RA-01SH RA-08H RA-08H-915 RA-09H (803-930 MHz LoRa) RA-01SH-KIT RA-08H-KIT SX1262 (862-930 MHz LoRa) Meshtastic BU01 (UWB) positioning software radio OpenWrt

Kamakura individual assignment: • design, build, and connect wired or wireless node(s) with network or bus addresses and local input &/or output device(s) group assignment: • send a message between two projects

Remco van ‘t Veer: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day_Request_for_Comments

Ricardo Marques: DNS translates the "google.com" to the actual IP of the server. DHCP is what distributes IP addresses to devices that don't have a fixed IP.

https://hackaday.com/2026/03/31/the-d-in-dns-stands-for-doom/