## Group Work 2026 - Materials Familiarization
**Assignment:** Review the safety data sheets (SDS/TDS) for each molding and casting material, make and compare test casts, and compare different mold-making processes.
The materials and mold-making methods reviewed in our 2026 group work are **Casting Wax**, **Silicone**, **Epoxy**, and **Bambu PLA Basic** for 3D-printed molds. We used the same material references, parameter data, and image resources as in our previous group work so that the results can be compared consistently across years.
### Casting Wax (2026)
- **Physical State**: Solid at 25 °C, becomes liquid when melted (melting point: 52–58 °C)
- **Release Agent**: Not required (self-releasing)
- **Melting Ratio**: 100% pure wax (no mixing required)
- **Heating Time**: 30 minutes of indirect heating at 65–70 °C for complete liquefaction
- **Setting Time at 25 °C**: Surface skin: 8–10 minutes / Full solidification: 40–50 minutes
- **Reusability**: Reusable 3–5 times
### Precautions Using Casting Wax
**Use in a Well-Ventilated Area**
- Melting wax can release fumes or vapors—especially if overheated. Always use it in a well-ventilated room or under a fume hood to avoid inhalation.
**Control Heating Temperature**
- Never exceed the wax's recommended melting point (typically 65–120 °C). Overheating can lead to decomposition, smoke, or even fire.
**Avoid Open Flames**
- Wax is flammable. Use electric hotplates or controlled heating tools instead of open flames to prevent ignition.
**Wear Protective Gear**
- Use **heat-resistant gloves**, **eye protection**, and **long sleeves** when handling hot wax or molds to prevent burns and splashes.
**Prevent Spills and Slips**
- Spilled wax can be slippery and hard to clean. Work over a protected surface and promptly clean up any drips or splashes.
**Keep Away from Water**
- Introducing water to molten wax can cause dangerous splattering. Always ensure tools and containers are dry before use.
**Label and Store Properly**
- Store casting wax in a cool, dry place away from heat sources. Label containers clearly to avoid confusion with similar-looking materials.
**Dispose of Waste Responsibly**
- Collect and dispose of wax scrap and containers according to local environmental and chemical waste regulations.
### Silicone Material (2026)
HongYeJie Silicone HY-630: [Datasheet](https://item.taobao.com/item.htm?abbucket=1&id=542204787630&ns=1&pisk=fVpKKycyMV03JyrT67GGrh5TlSiMRLKE-e-bEab3NFL9VN2oY9cPeUQ9zwfhdw2Re3LyrUKrYg_WPUQktfDDYHWPFqX-nxxFJ8hOQeQCOli50i2SpAciAHWPF4EgFjDvYEsFZM_5VGiOqgj5VUNCC1_NqW_WPw1_5iIVFT6WPOM12iZCP__C15_ND8s5NTs_5MS4NJ6WPhiO4b18vaqCy8dlBZrtZWmbs5vOf4SXvo2dmpjdFZKB0SPq4MCdlH_sobVmY1tPwLrze_KBgUSXRygcT3O9WMB-IW6XXQTAbpM0JGRHfU76DueJY9IRGT1TV8tOdBfDdtMbWGR6xQ9eJue5YpvcwZ5tV85lCKfXGeEr0h6CVU52EqyFR3t23IXxIW6XXQTvwgWpnKCANrbAqWitX7PPOG8jkhl6Y5EVlGQmj5Vza1jNXZm_F7PPZGSOocD0a75Gb&priceTId=2150435d17319480751381156e58a1&skuId=4921677198376&spm=a21n57.1.item.49.2fc0523cM0YMVd&utparam=%7B%22aplus_abtest%22%3A%22a10f446b6d39ad035865c36127352a16%22%7D&xxc=taobaoSearch). According to the referenced data sheet, the **mixing ratio is 100:3**, the **pot life (set time) is about 30 minutes**, and the **curing time is 3–4 hours**.
| **Model** | **HY-605** | **HY-610** | **HY-615** | **HY-620** | **HY-625** | **HY-630** | **HY-635** | **HY-640** |
|----------------------------|---------------------|---------------------|---------------------|---------------------|---------------------|---------------------|---------------------|---------------------|
| **Color** | White/Semi-transparent | White/Semi-transparent | White/Semi-transparent | White/Semi-transparent | White/Semi-transparent | White/Semi-transparent | White/Semi-transparent | White/Semi-transparent |
| **Viscosity (cps)** | 11,000 | 13,000 | 11,000 | 15,000 | 22,000 | 24,000 | 24,000 | 12,000 |
| **Density (g/cm³)** | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.05 | 1.06 | 1.06 | 1.06 | 1.08 | 1.05 |
| **Hardness (Shore A)** | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 | 30 | 35 | 40 |
| **Tensile Strength (MPa)** | 2.2 | 2.3 | 3.2 | 3.7 | 4.3 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.2 |
| **Tear Strength (kN/m)** | 9 | 10 | 18 | 21 | 27 | 29 | 27 | 20 |
| **Elongation (%)** | 320 | 320 | 350 | 420 | 420 | 400 | 200 | 150 |
| **Linear Shrinkage (%)** | ≤ 0.5 | ≤ 0.4 | ≤ 0.3 | ≤ 0.3 | ≤ 0.3 | ≤ 0.3 | ≤ 0.3 | ≤ 0.3 |
| **Curing Agent Ratio (%)** | 2–5 | 2–5 | 2–5 | 2–5 | 2–5 | 2–5 | 2–5 | 2–5 |
| **Working Time (mins)** | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 |
| **Curing Time (hours)** | 3–4 | 3–4 | 3–4 | 3–4 | 3–4 | 3–4 | 3–4 | 3–4 |
### Hazards & safety precautions with Silicone
**Silicone Resin Hazards**
- Skin and Eye Irritation: Direct contact with uncured silicone resin can cause irritation to the skin and eyes.
- Respiratory Issues: Inhalation of fumes from uncured silicone resin can lead to respiratory problems, including irritation of the nose, throat, and lungs.
- Chemical Burns: Uncured silicone resin can cause chemical burns if it comes into contact with the skin.
- Fire Hazard: Silicone resin can be flammable, especially in its liquid form.
**Safety Measures**
- Proper Ventilation: Always work in a well-ventilated area to disperse harmful fumes. Use an exhaust fan or open windows to ensure good airflow.
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Wear gloves, safety goggles, and a respirator mask to protect your skin, eyes, and lungs from exposure.
- Avoid Direct Contact: Handle silicone resin with care to avoid spills and splashes. If contact occurs, wash the affected area immediately with soap and water.
- Safe Storage: Store silicone resin in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and heat sources. Keep it out of reach of children and pets.
- Proper Disposal: Dispose of silicone resin waste responsibly. Follow local regulations for disposal of hazardous materials.
### Epoxy Material (2026)
JIANBANG H80-5: [Datasheet](https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Jianbang-Clear-Epoxy-Resin-and-Epoxy_1600092165648.html?spm=a2700.galleryofferlist.normal_offer.d_title.6b9913a0qndVJZ). According to the referenced data sheet, the **mixing ratio is 3:1**, the **pot life (set time) is about 20 minutes**, and the **curing time is 24–48 hours**.
#### Hazards & safety precautions with Epoxy
**Epoxy Resin Hazards**
- Skin and Eye Irritation: Direct contact with uncured epoxy resin can cause irritation to the skin and eyes.
- Respiratory Issues: Inhalation of fumes from uncured epoxy resin can lead to respiratory problems, including irritation of the nose, throat, and lungs.
- Chemical Burns: Uncured epoxy resin can cause chemical burns if it comes into contact with the skin.
- Long-term Health Effects: Prolonged exposure to epoxy resin can lead to liver and kidney damage, as well as respiratory issues.
- Fire Hazard: Epoxy resin can be flammable, especially in its liquid form.
**Safety Measures**
- Proper Ventilation: Always work in a well-ventilated area to disperse harmful fumes. Use an exhaust fan or open windows to ensure good airflow.
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Wear gloves, safety goggles, and a respirator mask to protect your skin, eyes, and lungs from exposure.
- Avoid Direct Contact: Handle epoxy resin with care to avoid spills and splashes. If contact occurs, wash the affected area immediately with soap and water.
- Safe Storage: Store epoxy resin in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and heat sources. Keep it out of reach of children and pets.
- Proper Disposal: Dispose of epoxy resin waste responsibly. Follow local regulations for disposal of hazardous materials.
### PLA Basic Material (2026)
Bambu PLA Basic: [Datasheet](https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0584/7236/6216/files/Bambu_PLA_Basic_Technical_Data_Sheet_bf3411ce-be39-4db7-9669-1b4671d2196b.pdf?v=1734060943).
1. Material Overview
- Type: PLA (Polylactic Acid), biodegradable and bio-based polymer.
- Application: Suitable for general-purpose 3D printing with good dimensional stability and surface quality.
2. Physical Properties
- Density: ~1.24 g/cm³
- Melting Temperature: Approx. 150–170 °C (melting begins around 150 °C, full melting near 170 °C)
- Glass Transition Temperature (Tg): Around 60–65 °C (The temperature where PLA softens but not fully melts.)
3. Mechanical Properties
- Tensile Strength: ~50 MPa (strong enough for moderate mechanical use)
- Elongation at Break: ~6–10% (brittle compared to flexible filaments)
- Flexural Strength: ~70 MPa
- Flexural Modulus: ~3,200 MPa
4. Thermal Properties
- Heat Deflection Temperature: Around 55–60 °C under load, meaning PLA can start to deform under heat close to this range.
- Recommended Printing Temperature: 200–220 °C (extrusion temperature)
5. Printability
- Printing Speed: Recommended 40–60 mm/s
- Bed Temperature: 50–60 °C
- Adhesion: Good adhesion on PEI or glass beds with glue stick.
#### Hazards & safety precautions with PLA 3D Printing
**PLA Hazards**
- Fume Emissions: Although PLA emits minimal odor, it can still release ultrafine particles (UFPs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) when heated—especially at higher extrusion temperatures.
- Overheating Risk: Printing above recommended temperatures (>230 °C) can degrade PLA and release irritants like lactide or small amounts of formaldehyde.
- Burn Hazard: Heated nozzles and print beds (~200–220 °C) can cause serious burns if touched.
- Fire Hazard (Rare): Malfunctioning printers or improper wiring may pose a fire risk in unattended operations.
- Mechanical Risks: Moving parts (gears, belts, fans) can catch fingers, hair, or clothing during operation.
**Safety Measures**
- Ventilation: Operate printers in well-ventilated areas or use HEPA/charcoal filtration enclosures to reduce exposure to UFPs and VOCs.
- Temperature Control: Use the manufacturer’s recommended temperature settings (200–220 °C for PLA) to avoid thermal degradation.
- Avoid Contact with Hot Parts: Clearly label hot surfaces; allow printer to cool before maintenance.
- Supervised Printing: Avoid leaving printers unattended, especially during long prints.
- Regular Maintenance: Keep firmware and hardware updated to prevent malfunctions or overheating.
- Personal Protection: Use safety glasses when removing prints or working with sharp tools; consider gloves when handling hot beds or cleaning with solvents.
### Mold making processes comparison
Comparison of Brick Wax Mold vs. AB Silicone Mold vs. 3D Printed PLA Mold (2026).
#### 🧱 Brick Wax Mold
**Best Use**: Ideal for master molds made with CNC milling or engraving
##### ✅ Advantages:
1. **High Precision**
- Excellent for CNC processing—surface finish is smooth enough to eliminate post-polishing.
2. **Time-Efficient**
- Much faster than manual sculpting—ideal for rapid prototyping or one-off masters.
3. **Recyclable**
- Waste wax can be melted and reused (3–5 times), minimizing material waste.
4. **Easy to Machine**
- Low tool wear; suitable for both roughing and fine-detail carving.
5. **Self-Releasing**
- No release agent required when casting from wax molds.
##### ❌ Disadvantages:
1. **Heat Sensitivity**
- Low melting point (~52–58 °C); not suitable for high-temperature casting.
2. **Fragile**
- Brittle under mechanical stress; not durable for repeated use.
3. **Limited Lifespan**
- Best for creating single-use or short-term molds.
#### 🧪 AB Silicone Mold
**Best Use**: Ideal for replicating parts, batch casting, or working with complex shapes
##### ✅ Advantages:
1. **Flexible and Durable**
- Excellent for complex, undercut, or flexible designs—can be reused many times.
2. **High-Temperature Resistance**
- Can withstand temperatures up to 200–250 °C, suitable for resin or low-melt metal casting.
3. **Captures Fine Detail**
- Great surface fidelity, even for tiny textures and patterns.
4. **Versatile**
- Compatible with a wide range of casting materials: resins, waxes, plasters, low-melt alloys, etc.
##### ❌ Disadvantages:
1. **Longer Process Time**
- Requires mixing (Part A + Part B), degassing (if needed), and curing time (can take hours).
2. **Not CNC Machinable**
- Must be poured into a mold—not suitable for subtractive processes like milling.
3. **Higher Material Cost**
- Generally more expensive than wax per unit volume and not recyclable.
#### 🖨️ 3D Printed PLA Mold
**Best Use**: Ideal for rapid prototyping, complex geometries, or when CNC access is limited
##### ✅ Advantages:
1. **Complex Geometry**
- Easily produce intricate and internal features impossible or expensive to machine.
2. **Fast Iteration**
- Quick design-to-part cycle via CAD and 3D printing—ideal for rapid prototyping.
3. **Cost-Effective for Small Runs**
- Low upfront tooling cost; good for small batch or one-off molds.
4. **Wide Accessibility**
- Desktop 3D printers make mold fabrication accessible without specialized equipment.
##### ❌ Disadvantages:
1. **Lower Heat Resistance**
- PLA melts around 180–220 °C but tends to deform under heat; limited use with hot casting materials.
2. **Surface Finish**
- Layer lines may require post-processing for smoothness, affecting detail fidelity.
3. **Limited Reusability**
- Prone to wear and damage; usually suitable for a few uses depending on casting material.
4. **Not Self-Releasing**
- Often requires release agents to avoid sticking, especially for resin casting.
#### 🔄 Summary Table
| Feature | Brick Wax Mold | AB Silicone Mold | 3D Printed PLA Mold |
|-----------------------|---------------------------|----------------------------|----------------------------------|
| CNC Machinable | ✅ Yes | ❌ No | ❌ No |
| Precision | ✅ High | ✅ High | ⚠️ Moderate (layer lines) |
| Reusability | ⚠️ 3–5 times | ✅ 10–50+ times | ⚠️ Limited (few uses) |
| Heat Resistance | ❌ Low (~58 °C) | ✅ High (up to 250 °C) | ⚠️ Moderate (180–220 °C, deformation risk) |
| Material Cost | ✅ Low | ❌ Higher | ✅ Low to Moderate |
| Detail Reproduction | ✅ Good (via CNC) | ✅ Excellent (via casting) | ⚠️ Good but may require finishing |
| Time Efficiency | ✅ Fast (if CNC available) | ❌ Slower (due to curing) | ✅ Fast (print time varies) |
| Eco-Friendliness | ✅ Recyclable | ❌ Single-use waste | ⚠️ Depends on filament type; generally low waste |
### 2026 Group Conclusion
From the 2026 comparison, no single mold-making method is best for every situation. **Brick wax molds** are the most suitable when CNC machining, fast fabrication, and recyclability are priorities. **AB silicone molds** are the strongest option for reproducing fine details, complex undercuts, and repeated casting, although they require mixing and curing time. **3D-printed PLA molds** are convenient for rapid digital fabrication and complex geometries, but their surface finish and heat resistance are more limited.
For our group work, the most appropriate process therefore depends on the intended casting material, required detail, expected number of reproductions, available equipment, and production time. Using the same materials, images, and data references as the previous group work also allows us to compare the workflow consistently in 2026.
